Damage is a common issue in the processing, manufacturing and service of aviation structural parts.Focusing on the damage mechanism and modeling of typical aviation aluminum and titanium alloys, the influencing factors of damage and the prediction methods of macro-scale and micro-scale were discussed. Stress state was a key factor in affecting the damage behavior in plastic forming process. This paper expounds the differences of damage evolution under different stress states, and introduces the application of stress-based damage model in aviation materials. For the fatigue damage, the micro influencing factors in different alloys, such as second phase particles, crystal orientation and so on, were summarized, and the application of the fatigue prediction methodologies in typical aviation aluminum and titanium alloys were discussed. Taking the local strain and stress concentration as external cause and the defect in microstructure as internal cause, The damage accumulation is considered as the result of the combination of the above two factors. By summarizing the progress and problems of damage mechanism, and discussing the advantages and disadvantages of macro and meso prediction methods, this paper puts forward the development direction of common law and universal prediction methods.